Alternative Medicine And Placebo Effect Health And Social Care Essay

Exchange clinical forte is going all the more generally utilized, especially in the United States wellbeing consideration framework and it is recommended that more than 80 % of the universe ‘s populace use reciprocal and substitute clinical claims to fame ( CAMs ) ( Mainardi, Kapoor and A ; Bielory, 2009 ) . In 2000, a BBC concentrate into the utilization of CAM in the United Kingdom demonstrated that one fifth of populace had utilized some signifier of CAM in that twelvemonth ( Ernst and A ; White, 2000 ) . Exchange clinical claim to fame takes the signifier of numerous techniques. There are five boss classs of CAM which incorporate ; exchange clinical frameworks, organically based treatments, manipulative treatments, mind-body hypotheses and vitality treatments ( Mainardi, Kapoor and A ; Bielory, 2009 ) . The most well known treatments in 2000 were osteopathy, chiropractic, stylostixis, homeopathy and hypnotherapy ( Ernst and A ; White, 2000 ) . The term â€Å" fake treatment outcome † is typically utilized in the writing, yet a predictable definition is yet to be concurred on ( Brinkhaus, Pach, Ludtke and A ; Willich, 2008 ) . The Latin meaning of the word â€Å" fake treatment † implies â€Å" I will enchant † ( Niggemann, and A ; Gruber, 2006 ) which can be depicted as a positive therapeudic result, occurring after intervention of a physiological or mental reaction ( Williamson and A ; Rankin-Box, 2009 ) , and can be overwhelmed by closes, wants, standpoints and related feelings ( Teixeira, Guedes, Barreto and A ; Martins, 2010 ) . The fake treatment outcome can be depicted as a neurophsyiological marvel ( Campbell, 2000 ) , and by taking a gander at various representations of substitute clinical forte, the natural and mental records of the result can be explored.AcupunctureAcupuncture is an old signifier of medicinal services and spotlights on taking care of unwellness through incitement of the natur al structure ‘s self-mending powers ( Williamson and A ; Rankin-Box, 2009 ) . Needle therapy depends on antiquated Chinese clinical claim to fame and attempts to equilibrate the vitality stream, â€Å" qi † , in the human natural structure by infixing acerate leafs into explicit focuses on natural structure called â€Å" acupoints † which are situated along â€Å" acmes † , which are the waies of vitality in the natural structure ( Goddard, Shen, Steele and A ; Springer, 2005 ) . The impacts of stylostixis on harming can result in physiological and additionally mental reactions of the natural structure, yet grounds proposes there are organic establishments in this treatment ( Lundeberg, and A ; Stener-Victorin, 2002 ) . By taking a gander at reason for articulations from an organic and mental position, one can talk the utilization of the fake treatment result in this kind of interchange clinical claim to fame. Natural Position Surveies using antielectron transmission imaging ( PET ) and useful attractive reverberation creative mind ( utilitarian attractive reverberation imaging ) have shown some natural reason for the utilization of stylostixis, suggesting that there is something else entirely to the treatment than simply a healing outcome ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) . This can be clarified by the enactment of certain encephalon nations in the cardinal sensory system ( Goddard et al. , 2005 ) . With the utilization of useful attractive reverberation imaging and PET sweeps, there is grounds that when explicit focuses on the natural structure are exposed to needle therapy, there is actuation in explicit pieces of the encephalon. This permits one to recognize existent stylostixis and standpoint ( Lewith, White and A ; Pariente, 2005 ) , demoing that stylostixis holds an organic record. The limbic framework may other than be associated with the passionate creation of chuckling and yelling which is normal in stylostixis ( Campbell, 2000 ) . Proof demoing that there is inactivation of the amygdaloid core and nerve center during stylostixis, infers that there is a particular capacity for the limbic framework in stylostixis treatment ( Hui, Marina, Liu, Rosen and A ; Kwong, 2010 ) . Hui et Al. ‘s ( 2010 ) work bolsters the natural establishments in the utilization of stylostixis, yet next to perceives the of import capacity of feeling in the treatment, which would gracefully justification for the utilization of the fake treatment result. Lundeberg and Stener-Victorin ( 2002 ) accentuation the significance of organic findings in impacts of stylostixis. They portray how the physiological incitements of musculus compressions and certain organ maps are like impacts of working out, for example the arrival of endogenous opiods and Pitocin in both stylostixis and practicing ( Lundeberg, and A ; Stener-Victorin, 2002 ) . Lundeberg ‘s prior review with Andersson ( 1995 ) other than found that stylostixis energizes similar receptors and afferent nervus filaments in the mixed tissue as in physical practicing ( Andersson and A ; Lundeberg, 1995 ) . Mental Position Needle therapy depends on the natural structure ‘s self-mending powers ( Williamson and A ; Rankin-Box, 2009 ) , so there is ground to reason whether stylostixis impacts are simply a mental ( fake treatment ) reaction with little organic record ( Enck, Klosterhalfen and A ; Zipfel, 2010 ) . Goddard et Al. ( 2005 ) delineate how the fake treatment outcome is used in treatment, non simply by the esthesis of the needle, yet mainly the joining in, caring consideration, mindfulness and progress of standpoints associated with the procedure ( Goddard et al. , 2005 ) . Desire is a cardinal feature of non solitary stylostixis, however numerous different kinds of exchange clinical forte. Astin et Al. ( 1998 ) led a reappraisal into why individuals use CAM and found that the main grounds were ; the patient ‘s insufficiency of reaction to regular intercession, the patient ‘s appeal, confidence in strength and less unfavorable impacts ( Astin, Marie, Pelletier, Hansen, and A ; Haskell, 1998 ) . It is the conviction and standpoint of using interchange clinical fortes which exhibits reason for the fake treatment outcome, and it is the individuals with high viewpoints about the impacts of stylostixis who show more reaction than the individuals who do non put stock in the mediation ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) . This mental factor is of import in stylostixis as the effectivity of the mediation and remaking the regular progression of basic vitality ( Hui et al. , 2010 ) includes substantially centripetal incitement ( Andersson and A ; Lundberg, 1995 ) and if the patient does non have confidence in the technique, they will non experience similar impacts ( Goddard et al. , 2005 ) . Different aspects of the treatment include the joining in and association between the patient and healer. A reappraisal into the expanded utilization of CAM in the UK indicated that one of the components driving patients off from regular wellbeing consideration is the disappointment of the patient-specialist relationship, which pulls in individuals to a progressively comprehensive strategy where the mediation was increasingly individualized ( Little, 2009 ) for example in exchange clinical forte. The individualized, manual investigation organizations expanded conveying between the patient and healer and this cultural imparting can be in the signifier of touch. The mental significance of touch plays a cardinal capacity in stylostixis and the patient ‘s experience results in sentiments of developed mental self view, expanded self-esteem and prosperity. These positive sentiments are what patients base their convictions about the effectivity of stylostixis on and accept their natural structure is patching ( Campbell, 2000 ) . This shows how interchange clinical claim to fame uses the fake treatment result where it is the patient ‘s conviction that has the best effect on the effectiveness of the treatment. The vibe engaged with exchange clinical forte plays a capacity in the outcome, and results show that when patients complete their ain stylostixis subsequent to being shown the procedure, they report that their ain endeavors are less fruitful than when the healer gives the consideration ( Campbell, 2000 ) . This shows again the significance of mental components which gives grounds to the use of the fake treatment consequence.HomeopathyHomeopathy falls under the other clinical frameworks class of interchange clinical forte ( Mainardi, Kapoor and A ; Bielory, 2009 ) and can be characterized as â€Å" a therapeudic technique using readyings of substances whose impacts when directed to sound points compare to the utilization of the annoyed ( manifestations, clinical imprints, obsessive regions ) in the single patient † ( Swayne, 2002, refered to in Ernst, 2005 ) . It is a broadly utilized kind of exchange clinical claim to fame and utilizations the essential premiss that â€Å" li ke is restored by like † ( Shang et al. , 2005 ) . Homeopathic clinical claim to fame is utilized to energize an individual ‘s intrinsic limit with regards to self-guideline and self-mending ( Weatherley-Jones, Thompson and A ; Thomas, 2004 ) . By looking into the organic and mental grounds, one can comprehend the utilization of the fake treatment outcome in this sort of exchange clinical strength. Organic Position Homeopathic clinical claim to fame can be utilized to administer inside variances by means of centripetal criticism through splanchnic or real perceptual experience, and patients decipher their sentiments as positive or increasingly negative enthusiastic emotions ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) . This shows support for the natural situation for using substitute clinical claim to fame, where patients interpret how their inward natural structure territory feels, which results in the mending technique. Thompson ( 2010 ) investigated the utilization of exchange clinical claim to fame in menopausal grown-up females and chest dangerous neoplastic malady subsisters, and gives grounds that uncovers a relationship between intercession of homeopathic clinical strength and advancement of manifestations and personal satisfaction for the patients ( Thompson, 2010 ) . Thompson di

Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 15

When dusk fell, I sneaked down the steps, opened the indirect access, and pussyfooted out onto the grass, effectively wet with dew. I was additional wary, since there were lights encompassing the domain and I realized Father would be disappointed that I was wandering out after dull. In any case, the carriage house was just a short distance from the house itselfâ€about twenty paces from the patio. I took over the yard, remaining in the shadows, feeling my heart pound against my rib confine. I wasn't worried about creature assaults or animals of the night. I was increasingly worried that I'd be found by Alfred or, more awful, Father. Be that as it may, the idea of not having the option to see Katherine that night caused me to feel crazy. By and by, a substantial haze covered the ground and rose to the sky, an odd inversion of nature that most probable was because of the changing of the seasons. I shuddered and made a point to turn away from the willow tree as I raced to the harness way and up the yard steps of the carriage house. I delayed at the whitewashed entryway. The draperies on the windowpanes were pulled closed, and I was unable to perceive any candlelight leaking under the windows. For a second, I dreaded I had come past the point of no return. Imagine a scenario where Katherine and Emily had resigned to bed. In any case, I sent a clear message strongly against the wooden door jamb. The entryway squeaked open and a hand snatched my wrist. â€Å"Come in!† I heard an unpleasant murmur as I was cleared into the house. Behind me, I heard the snap of the lock and acknowledged I was standing up close and personal with Emily. â€Å"Sir,† Emily stated, grinning as she curtseyed. She was wearing a straightforward naval force outfit, and her hair fell in dim waves around her shoulders. â€Å"Good evening,† I stated, bowing delicately. I looked around the little house, permitting my eyes to change in accordance with the diminish light. A red light shined on the harsh slashed table in the front room, throwing shadows against the wooden light emissions roof. The carriage house had been in a condition of decay for quite a long time, since the time Mother had passed on and her family members had quit visiting. In any case, since it was possessed, there was a glow to the rooms that was missing in the primary house. â€Å"What would i be able to accomplish for you, sir?† Emily asked, her dull eyes unblinking. â€Å"Um †¦ I'm here to see Katherine,† I stammered, out of nowhere humiliated. What might Emily think about her paramour? Obviously, house cleaners are intended to be watchful, however I knew how hirelings talked, and I unquestionably didn't need Katherine's temperance to be undermined if Emily was the sort to participate out of gear worker tattle. â€Å"Katherine has been expecting you,† Emily stated, a gleam of wickedness in her dull eyes. She took the light from the table and drove me up the wooden steps, halting at the white entryway toward the finish of the lobby. I squinted. At the point when Damon and I were nearly nothing, we'd generally been enigmatically terrified of the upstairs of the carriage house. Perhaps it was on the grounds that the hirelings had said it was spooky, possibly on the grounds that each section of flooring had squeaked, yet something about the space had prevented us from remaining long. Presently that Katherine was here, however, there was no place else I'd preferably be. Emily moved in the direction of me, her knuckles on the entryway. She rapped multiple times. At that point she swung the entryway open. I strolled mindfully into the room, the sections of flooring squeaking as Emily vanished down the corridor. The room itself was outfitted basically: a cast-iron bed secured by a straightforward green blanket, an armoire in one corner, a washbasin in another, and an overlaid plated, unsupported mirror in a third corner. Katherine sat on her bed, confronting the window, her back to me. Her legs were tucked under her short white robe and her long twists were free over her shoulders. I remained there, viewing Katherine, at that point at long last hacked. She pivoted, a statement of delight in her dim, feline like eyes. â€Å"I'm here,† I stated, moving from one booted foot to the next. â€Å"So I see.† Katherine smiled. â€Å"I watched you stroll here. Were you startled to be out after dark?† â€Å"No!† I said protectively, humiliated she'd seen me dart from tree to tree like an overcautious squirrel. Katherine curved a dim eyebrow and held her arms out toward me. â€Å"Y need to quit stressing. ou Come here. I'll assist you with taking your brain off things,† she stated, raising her eyebrow. I strolled toward her as though in a fantasy, stooped on the bed, and embraced her firmly. When I felt her body in my grasp, I loose. Simply feeling her was an update that she was genuine, that today around evening time was genuine, that nothing else matteredâ€not Father, not Rosalyn, not the spirits the townspeople were persuaded meandered outside in obscurity. All that made a difference was that my arms were around my affection. Her hand worked its way down my shoulders, and I envisioned us strolling into the Founders Ball together. As her hand halted at my shoulder bone and I felt her fingernails burrow through the slim cotton of my shirt, I had a brief instant picture of us, quite a while from now, with a lot of kids who'd fill the bequest with hints of chuckling. I needed this life to be mine, presently and until the end of time. I groaned with want and inclined in, permitting my lips to brush hers, first gradually, as we'd do before everybody when we declared our adoration at our wedding, and afterward harder and all the more critically, permitting my lips to venture out from her mouth to her neck, creeping toward her snow-white chest. She got my jawline and pulled my face to hers and kissed me hard. I responded. Maybe I were a destitute man who'd at long last discovered food in her mouth. We kissed, and I shut my eyes and overlooked what's to come. Out of nowhere, I felt a sharp torment on my neck, as though I were being wounded. I got out, yet Katherine was all the while kissing me. Be that as it may, actually no, not kissing, gnawing, sucking the blood from underneath my skin. My eyes flew open, and I saw Katherine's eyes, wild and ragged looking, her face spooky white in the twilight. I twisted my head back, yet the agony was tenacious, and I was unable to shout, couldn't battle, could just observe the full moon out the window, and could just feel the blood leaving my body, and want and warmth and outrage and dread all gushing inside me. On the off chance that this was what demise felt like, at that point I needed it. I needed it, and that was the point at which I flung my arms around Katherine, offering myself to her. At that point everything blurred to dark.

Fortune Favors

Fortune Favors Earlier today I read Michael Lewis remarkable remarks at the Princeton 2012 Commencement. His address was entitled Dont Eat Fortunes Cookie. Lewis, an art history major at Princeton, is a famous journalist and author. You may have seen Moneyball, the movie based on his eponymous book. Lewis first became famous writing Liars Poker, a memoir of his time working at the derivatives desk at Salomon Brothers during the run-up to the SL crisis. Heres what Lewis had to say about the path to his success: I was 28 years old. I had a career, a little fame, a small fortune and a new life narrative. All of a sudden people were telling me I was born to be a writer. This was absurd. Even I could see there was another, truer narrative, with luck as its theme. What were the odds of being seated at that dinner next to that Salomon Brothers lady? Of landing inside the best Wall Street firm from which to write the story of an age? Of landing in the seat with the best view of the business? Of having parents who didnt disinherit me but instead sighed and said do it if you must? Of having had that sense of must kindled inside me by a professor of art history at Princeton? Of having been let into Princeton in the first place? This isnt just false humility. Its false humility with a point. My case illustrates how success is always rationalized. People really don’t like to hear success explained away as luck â€" especially successful people. As they age, and succeed, people feel their success was somehow inevitable. They dont want to acknowledge the role played by accident in their lives. Theres a lot of other good things Lewis has to say (seriously, go read it). But I wanted to hone in on the point he made here, because its absolutely true. A few weeks ago I was talking to my dad about my job this job and how much I loved it. I told him how lucky I felt to had the opportunity to do it. My dad, in his dadlike way, corrected me, kindly but sternly: I was not lucky, he said, for I had worked hard, very hard, for a long time. Both of these things were true. Working hard and being lucky are not mutually exclusive. In fact, they are both necessary conditions for any kind of success. If you want to achieve anything in life, you need to both work hard and be fortunate. This is the point I tried to make in my blog post Life is Improv last year for the commencement of the Class of 2011. And its echoed in the advice I received from shared from Ben Jones in Elizabeths post last week: You cant plan your life out ahead of time. But if you just try to always make the best decision, your life will later read back as making sense, even if you didnt see it that way going in. Theres a constant feedback loop between fortunate and hard work, and it goes something like this: if you are fortunate, you are positioned such that, if you work hard, you can achieve some success. And if you achieve some success, you may find yourself fortunately positioned such thatand on and on. Fortune is out of our control, but it doesnt drop out of the sky, puppet strings controlled by the twitchy fingers of the Fates. Some fortune comes from material circumstances: someone with a lot of privilege might not precisely have everything handed to them, but they still may be playing the game of life on the lowest difficulty setting there is. Other fortune comes from serendipity, like my story about meeting the girl I dated through most of college through a weird chain of events that started with a college riot neither of us attended, or the fact that, one day as I was scanning through job listings on Indeed.com, this position happened to come up on the screen. Most people cant do much about the material conditions into which they were born. But most people can do something about the fortune which arises through serendipity. One thing Ive learned about serendipitous fortune over the years is that you have to make space for it to grow and flourish. This kind of luck doesnt strike like a bolt of lightning from the blue. It grows tentatively from a small seed. The soil in which it takes root is constituted of the moments you make for it to do so. In a few days, the Class of 2012 will graduate from MIT. In a few months, the Class of 2016 will register for their first classes at MIT. Heres a piece of advice for you: dont work too hard. Dont misunderstand me. You should work hard. You must work hard. Just not too hard. See, many MIT students (or people who would be / were once MIT students) have the opposite problem of most people, which is that instead of not working hard enough, they work too hard. Too hard, that is, to ever take a step back from what they are doing to allow the space for good fortune to flourish. Sometimes its hard to take a step back. This is why I warn my freshman advisees against getting on the treadmill. The treadmill is the straightest path through MIT. It means doing the basic classes that everyone takes, not doing anything but your classes, doing all the sexiest internships (and not the ones which are interesting or different or that youd like to do and learn from), and then going straight into the highest paying job you can find because its there. This is where the work hard vs be lucky formulation skews too heavily towards the former. If all you do is keep your head down and work hard, then you will be so blindered by your work that you will never be able to look around and see what opportunities are out there. If you are always too busy to do anything but what youre working on right now, then you will miss the random things that will change your life. Most importantly, you will miss the random encounters with people be they future bosses or future lovers who will change your life for the better. It can be hard to avoid the treadmill, especially if you are someone who takes pride (and solace) in hard work. If youre an incoming freshman who wants to avoid the treadmill: go read 50 Things. Make a list. Check them off as you go along. If youre a graduating senior: the real world is here. Dive in. Enjoy it all. If youre anyone in particular: always remember to reserve time for the three Fs friends, family, and fortune. Good luck.

Effects on the American Dream, Both Positive and Negative...

Effects on the American Dream, Both Positive and Negative The editors of Forbes called on these writers: James Q. Wilson, Katherine Newman, Robert Reich, Gertrude Himmelfarb, Natwar M. Gandhi, and Charles Derber. To answer this following question: If things are so good, why do we feel so bad? The American Dream has both positive and negative effects on the country, but in the end people will ultimately create their own fates. There are many positive effects that the American Dream has such immigrant origins, to the United States. Americans have a higher standard of living, that’s why immigrants come to the United States to have freedom, self-expression, and also to have a better standard of living as well (Wilson 437). Wilson†¦show more content†¦One negative effect on the American Dream is freedom; freedom reduced authority in the United States, freedom also caused crime to spread way out of proportion. Wilson acknowledges that freedom leads to a lack of order, havi ng the power of freedom made people bring out their self- expression which made them lose their self-control to stop the bad things they were doing. Wilson states that â€Å"the expansion in personal freedom has been accompanied by a deep distrust† (Wilson 434). Wilson mentions an example of personal freedom which is: mentally ill people having freedom meant that they could not be forced to go to a clinic if they didn’t want to, which lead the mentally ill to be homeless. Derber proclaims that Americans twisted the American Dream as in using it to act selfish and commit heinous crimes. â€Å"The readings of history and anthropology†¦ give us no reason to believe that societies have built in self-preservative systems.† - Margaret Mead (Derber 411). The crimes of freedom caused â€Å"wilding† this is the word that describes the behavior Americans were showing. Derber observes that â€Å"the fear of wilding became fear of the other: those locked outsid e of the American Dream. They had not yet invaded the world most Americans felt part of, but they menaced it† (Derber 412). Wilding infected corporations and the government also to individuals of every race, class, and gender. Derbers examplesShow MoreRelatedThe Reality of Reality Television1699 Words   |  7 PagesFussell February 2, 2013 The Reality of Reality Television Have you ever set there watching your favorite reality television show and wondered what effects it could have on you, your family or your friends? Truth is most people do not think about the effects television shows can have before watching them or allowing their children to watch them. 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The Palace Of Knossos By King Minos - 2547 Words

Part A: The Palace of Knossos is the most complex structure existing from the ancient Minoan Civilization on the island of Crete. It was built in the Minoan political center of Knossos by King Minos around 1900 BC. The palace is an extremely intricate building standing five stories with large, beautiful paintings on its walls known as frescos; it even had indoor plumbing. It is apparent that only the most important people in Minoan society lived in the palace because of its grandeur and beauty. The Palace of Knossos is important to history because the palace gives us a window into Minoan culture. We can deduce from the Palace of Knossos that the Minoan Civilization was both complex and prosperous. The beautiful murals of the Palace of†¦show more content†¦Linear B writing emerged in Knossos after Linear A writing but before the fall of the Palace of Knossos. We can then deduce that people writing in Linear B (Mycenaeans) conquered those writing in Linear A (Minoans), or at the very least, Minoans allowed the Linear B writers into its political center as a peaceful accommodation. Nonetheless, finding the Linear B tablets at the Palace of Knossos is important because it lets us know that at some point Mycenaeans had lived on the Island of Crete. Finally, discovering Linear B tablets allows us to see how the Greek language evolved because the tablets show Greek language its very earliest form. Linear A is the writing system of the Minoans that lived on Crete. Like its child system Linear B, Linear A writing is a system where one symbol represents one syllable in language. The reason Linear A writing was developed by the Minoans is because the Minoans wanted to keep record of what was bartered. Essentially, the Minoans developed a writing system so they could keep receipts. Sadly, the language that Linear A displayed is still unknown to us today. The Mycenaeans really admired the culture of the Minoans. As a result, the Mycenaeans based their writing sys tem off of the Minoans Linear A writing. Without Linear A, we would not have been able to see the first Greek writings in Linear B. Essentially, without Linear A the first Greek writings would not have been recorded in Linear B. Homer spoke and wrote inShow MoreRelatedCauses Of Minoan Civilization993 Words   |  4 Pages(H.Sayre, 2011, P.1). Minoan civilization is the first advanced civilization of the prehistoric Aegean region that was developed on a small island of Crete, where Sir Arthur Evans an English archaeologist named the civilization after a Cretan king called Minos. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify Minoan major civilization and the cause of its demise. Mystery of Minoan Crete Civilization Crete was the first inhabitant during the Neolithic period known as the â€Å"New Stone Age†Read MoreThe Legend of the Minotaur1311 Words   |  6 Pagesis the legend of the Minotaur. The legend of the Minotaur and the Labyrinth of Knossos in Crete has enthralled many historians, archaeologists over, anthropologists and so on over years, even centuries. However, one archaeologist was captivated by the entrancing and beauty of the myth of The Minotaur and the Palace in Knossos was Arthur Evans. Before work began in Crete by the British archaeologist Evans at Knossos, knowledge of the Bronze Age Minoan culture was only faintly reflected in a fewRead MoreEssay on The Palace of Knossos995 Words   |  4 PagesGreece’s major dig sites is the palace of Knossos. The palace of Knossos stood on the island of Crete near the modern town of Heraklion at the co-ordinates 35 ° 17’ 52.66†N, 25 ° 9’ 47.36†E. It was the home of King Minos and his queen. The Palace is the setting for a myth where the queen gave birth to a being that was half man, half bull, the Minotaurs, which was kept in the labyrinth of the palace; He was eventually slayed by the Athenian Thesus. The Palace of Knossos was destroyed in the later classicalRead MoreEssay about The Palace of Knossos1790 Words   |  8 PagesThe Minoan civilization is by far the richest, yet strangest, of the Aegean world (Aegean Art 99). Through an in-depth analysis of the Palace of Knossos it will be evident that it mirrors the Minoan culture and lifestyle. The function, style, techology, medium, and symbolism used throughout the Palace, illustrate the intelligent, spiritual, and mercantile people the Minoans were. Cottrell states Yet from the start of the excavations the great mound began to reveal its secrets-not material treasureRead MoreThe Minoans Civilization1325 Words   |  5 Pagesat Knossos in the early 1900’s that introduced to the world the fascinating and wonderful sophistication of these early Greeks (Britannica Encyclopedia). The history of the island has been molded by its proximity to the Aegean Sea. Its geographical location gave it control over the sea and the lucr ative trade routes. The Minoans traded with Egypt, the Levant, the Aegean, and beyond to Italy, and Sicily. The great Minoan civilization of Crete formed around palaces such as those at Knossos, PhaestusRead MoreThe Differences Between Religion And Economy1177 Words   |  5 Pages1500 years and yet the Evidence derived from archaeological sources display the omnipresent representation of women and supports the idea that the Minoans were a female dominated society. However, written references to the Minoan ruler mention a ‘King Minos’ and create a platform for debate as to who, if anybody, ruled Minoan Crete. Religion and it’s significance within society alludes to the characteristics of any ancient civilisation. The exceptionally central role of women within Minoan religionRead MoreThe Bull At The Palace Of Minos Essay1836 Words   |  8 PagesAncient Greece is that of King Minos of Crete and the Minotaur, a beast half-man and half-bull. This legend, immortalised by modern films, has its origins in the Aegean, at a time when the bull held a special place in society. During excavations near Heraklion in Crete in 1990, English archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans unearthed a massive structure built by a sophisticated Bronze Age civilisation. Evans identified this as the Palace of King Minos in the ancient city of Knossos, inhabited by peopleRead MoreThe Flight of Icarus Essay528 Words   |  3 Pagessettlers were the Minoans. King Minos ruled this island nation. This Greek tragedy involves an inventor named Daedalus. His homeland was Athens. For a short time, his apprentice was his sisters son Perdix. When Daedalus feared that Perdix would surpass him in talent, he murdered the boy by tossing him from the Acropolis of Athens. He was then tried at the Areopagus and banished from the city. Daedalus fled to Crete, where he began to work at the court of King Minos and Queen PasiphaeRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Minos And Mycenaean On The Sea By Trade Essay920 Words   |  4 Pagesthey had to build amazing construction to describe their culture and their empire. There are two cultures can prove to the world the strong military and rich economy on the sea by trade. Minos and Mycenaean have some similar and different. The similar is they are both into building palaces. Palace of Mi nos at Knossos is one of evidence. It built between 1700 and 1300 B.C.E. Also enormous, once covering six acres and including 1,300 rooms, built around a central courtyard and several smaller courtyardRead MoreThe Minoan Civilization On The Mediterranean Island Of Crete Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pagescharm that the Minoans use to wear was found, and it was brought to his attention. He started at Knossos, where the possible civilization became a reality. He uncovered multiple palaces, which have all been named since then. They are named: Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, and Zakros. Each one shows signs of religion, trade, and politics. They believed these palaces controlled the Minoan civilization. These Palaces seemed to co-exist on this small island because there are no signs of wall fortifications or

Attitude Legislation And Litigation Education Essay Free Essays

Provision of instruction in the current universe has been faced with many challenges particularly sing the equality issues in the society. This paper addresses the societal deductions of attitude, statute law and judicial proceeding on the lives of pupils with disablements. Introduction Over the old ages, handicapped people in the society have been forced to populate with many challenges sing their handicapped position. We will write a custom essay sample on Attitude Legislation And Litigation Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Disabled people have several jobs in footings of motion, instruction and many other societal activities as they are non able to take part and be able to be involved in these activities. The instruction sector has non been left out as the handicapped pupils are faced with many challenges in larning compared to their fellow pupils who are non disabled. The society has been forced to come up with ways in which the handicappeds can be given discriminatory intervention and services compared to the other members of the society through debut of statute law and extenuations to regulate the instruction of the handicapped. For the past old ages, the services given to people with disablement particularly in the instruction sector have been uneffective as a consequence of several grounds that cause hapless service bringing to the disabled in the particular instruction sector. Fiscal issue has been a major hinderance in proviso of services in the particular instruction sector as there have been issues of fewer financess allocated to this sector. There is besides a job sing logistics as the aid and services offered by several bureaus require a batch of attempt for them to move and give the necessary aid needed ( Gordon, 2004 p.72-89 ) . The attitude of people towards people with disablements has several impacts on the lives of the people populating with disablements. The handicapped have been forced to populate with the impacts of negative societal attitude towards them and a farther societal stigma apart from the larger job they are confronting sing their mental or physical hindrances as a consequence of their disablement. The negative attitude towards people with disablements can be seen through societal rejection of handicapped people by the society members a frailty that is present across several civilizations. Peoples with disablements have several more demands than that of a normal individual and therefore there is development of a impression in the society that people with disablements are a load to the society. This factor helps nature the negative attitude towards people with disablements in the society. This negative attitude impacts negatively on the lives of pupils with disablements as it makes them see themselves as a load to the society from their many demands and furthers the societal stigma these pupils are faced with a factor that impacts negatively on their instruction. Attitude towards people with disablement has been negatively displayed through several civilizations that see mental deceleration as psyches that are possessed by evil liquors or punished by God and therefore require spiritual intercessions or dispossession. Such attitudes vested in the heads of people impacts negatively on their attitude towards the disabled as they are forced to see the handicapped as less human existences and farther the societal stigma faced by people with disablement ( Gordon, 2004 p.72-89 ) Students without disablement have negative societal response to other pupils with disablements particularly the mentally retarded as a consequence O f their negative attitude towards them despite the several steps that have been developed to change this that include legislative support, improved attention and the improved and sophisticated ways to give a medical history of the beginning of different disablements. The fact that disabled pupils were treated otherwise from the other pupils by debut of particular instruction that was chiefly provided in particular schoolrooms or even particular schools a fact that furthered the stigma among the handicapped pupils as these meant they were non equal to their opposite numbers who are non disabled ( Ramirez ) . Provision of instruction to the handicapped pupils has become a major challenge to different authoritiess and provinces. Educators have been faced with challenges of how best they can supply instruction to the handicapped and has seen the debut of particular instruction that meant that handicapped pupils were non included in schoolrooms with other able pupils and meant arrangement in separate schoolrooms or schools. The societal attitude that the handicapped pupils should be treated individually as a consequence of their disablement is wholly incorrect and it discouraged the formation of Torahs that would regulate the general instruction of exceeding pupils or handicapped pupils on the footing that dividing the pupils with disablements from those who are non disabled is far from doing them equal and that all the pupils had equal protection from the jurisprudence. The thought that the handicapped pupils should be separated from their fellow pupils has greatly changed as a consequence inequality that consequences from this action and hence there was demand to develop the statute laws and judicial proceedings that govern the instruction of pupils with disablements ( Ramirez, 2003 p. 12 ) . Several opinions against segregation by the United States Supreme Court set the gait in the hunt for equality in the instruction sector that included people with disablement. The celebrated Fourteen Amendment provides the right to equal instruction for any member of the province and no province may deny equal right to education to any individual within its legal power. Students with disablements have a right to equal instruction like their nondisabled opposite numbers as provided by the jurisprudence. The proviso of particular instruction that was ab initio provided outside the regular schoolroom is now provided in the regular schoolroom and there is no separation of the handicapped pupils from the schoolroom hence they learn together a system referred to as inclusion ( Ramirez, 2003 p. 13 ) . Legislations and judicial proceedings have been passed to regulate the instruction of the handicapped pupils. The construct of particular instruction by the Congress as it passed an act that instruction would be provided for all the disabled kids and guaranteed the proviso of public instruction to all pupils irrespective of their ability which provided the footing for inclusive acquisition. It provided that every pupil was eligible to have appropriate public instruction and have the chance to larn in a no limitation environment. In inclusive acquisition, general instruction provided to pupils plants in cooperation with particular instruction with the chief purpose of proviso of quality instruction plans to the pupils irrespective of their disablement. Such statute laws provided that pupils with disablements both in public and private establishments would have instruction with the nondisabled pupils, there should be no particular categories, separate schooling and that no pupil should be removed in their categories unless the badness of the disablement hinders the proviso of instruction to that pupil wholly ( Ramirez, 2003 p. 12 ) . The inclusion of the handicapped pupils into mainstream categories with other chap nondisabled pupils has some positive and negative impacts to the pupils with disablement. Though we may state that the handicapped pupils benefit in this environment through societal and academic interaction with the other pupils, it is difficult to disregard the fact that they are forced to meet rough academic competition from their chap nondisabled pupils. The inclusion of the handicapped pupils in the same categories as the nondisabled pupils increases the force per unit area on both the instructor and the handicapped pupils to be at par with their chap nondisabled pupils and failure to make so may increase the stigma in the pupil. The current instruction clime may non prefer much the instruction and public presentation of certain disablement instances like the mentally retarded hence particular instruction will better flatly in the hereafter. Decision Students with disablement are faced with many challenges in life as a consequence of their disable position. Introduction of statute laws and judicial proceeding to regulate their instruction is a first positive measure in guaranting they benefit from instruction provided in establishments. Social forums and public instruction should besides be encouraged so as to assist alter the attitude of the society towards people with disablement hence bettering their lives. 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Margaret Kantz Rhetorical Analysis Paper Essay Example

Margaret Kantz Rhetorical Analysis Paper Paper Name: Course: Lecturer: Date We will write a custom essay sample on Margaret Kantz Rhetorical Analysis Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Margaret Kantz Rhetorical Analysis Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Margaret Kantz Rhetorical Analysis Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Margaret Kantz Rhetorical Analysis Paper Gaps sometimes exist between the reader and a text. It is the duty of the reader to fill these gaps. Such gaps could exist if writers do not provide enough evidence to support their work. Teachers need to teach students how to read, understand and critically analyze textual sources. By writing this article, Kantz hopes to bring a change in the way teachers’ instruct their students in writing, and it helps them to analyze the text rhetorically. Consequently, teachers produce students who can rely on their own opinions in the analysis of different situations. After reading the article rhetorically, I can identify some of the weakness of the article. A question can be asked as to why the article was specifically directed at the teachers of English as its principal audience. The author claims that the main objective was to change the method in which English language was being taught, and make known the problem that existed with students in their writing. My argument is based on handling the variety of academic papers that exist in different majors. However, this does not mean that I appreciate English less as the foundation for writing but that the skills of writing outstanding academic papers can be addressed across all majors. Therefore, it could have been of immense advantage to the learners and the author if the article could be a little generalized to be useful in other majors. I feel the article should have been directed to all English teachers and not college English teachers only. By this strategy, the author could have probably solved the problem way before students get to college level and that the problem could not be as outstanding as it is in college. If students were taught how to write in a rhetorical way when they are still young, then they could write in a comfortable way and produce more papers that are original at earlier ages. Using an imaginary character, Shirley, to show the need for teachers to change the methods raises some doubt on the reliability of this article. To me, using a real life example would be more effective to motivate students to be an expert in academic writing. It is no doubt Kantz seems to have the notion that writing an original paper is impractical. This is apparent from the fact that she states â€Å"Shirley seems to have everything going for her, she experiences difficulty in assignments that require her to write original papers from textual sources†. The author emphasizes so much on the originality factor as being difficult to achieve, leaving her readers wondering if her article has that much originality in itself. One weak argument that the author develops relates to the claim that students usually find it easier to integrate word for word quotes than to paraphrase sources. â€Å"It is easier to quote than paraphrase† (Kantz, 70). This claim is weak because it depends on the context of the student’s writing. For example, if a student wants to quote in an effective way, he must have read the source, either in summary form or in its entirety. Otherwise, the student will find it hard to determine whether the quote fits the subject or not. In addition, a student usually has to cite the source accurately. One should keep in mind the fact that the internet nowadays is the first choice for many students who want to conduct research, where many of the written texts are not available online as a full text. Therefore, it would be hard for a student to obtain correct reference details for many sources. On the other hand, paraphrasing is easier because the student only needs to have an idea of the subject of a text and then use this text to create ideas and incorporate the thoughts into paper. Another weak argument that I do not agree with is that the author states ‘Writing an original, persuasive argument based on sources requires students to apply material to a problem or to use it to answer a question, rather than simply to repeat it or evaluate it’ (Kantz 72). Through this statement, Kantz appears to dismiss the value of evaluation in the persuasive writing process. This is despite the fact that evaluation is a core aspect of rhetorical writing. Looking up the meaning of the verb ‘evaluate’ could help to augment this point. According to the Merriam Webster English dictionary, ‘to evaluate’, means ‘to determine the significance worth, or condition of usually by careful appraisal and study’ or ‘to determine or fix the value of’ (Merriam-Webster, Incorporated). From this definition, is clear that ‘evaluation’ is a core aspect of rhetorical reading as it helps learners to determine the ‘val ue’, ‘worth’, or ‘condition’ of texts by careful study and appraisal. In this context, I am wondering how a learner can create an original argument from a text without first evaluating it. In conclusion, the main gap is that the article is directed to specific people, whereas the issues have an exceptionally wide scope. In addition, one can see that the article has a limitation based on the stage where rhetorical writing is being emphasized, while it should be taught at a much younger age so that learners can get accustomed to rhetorical writing at an earlier stage of development. There would be more benefits for high school students if they were taught rhetorical writing than if college students were given the same tutoring, because the younger individuals would learn how to write more efficiently.

Biography of Madame Bovary essays

Biography of Madame Bovary essays In every society there is a middle class. Individuals in this category don't have the luxuries that the elite few have, but they are far from living on the streets. They are stuck in the middle. There has to be some sort of influence that makes the middle class people think that way. One such influence was the period of Romanticism. Some people tried to make this dream a reality, and they wound up worse than they started. Such was the case of Emma, in Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary. However, her results were tragic as she could not achieve that lifestyle she was looking for. In the 19th century, bourgeois women in France wanted to live a romantic life, as characterized by the influence of society. Emma Bovary had a dream of living in the high society. This dream came from her love of novels, especially romance novels. During the nineteenth century, Romanticism was alive in literature and art. It displayed exciting and emotional lifestyles, as opposed to ordinary life. The German poet Friedrich Schlegel defined Romanticism as literature depicting emotional matter in an imaginative form. For part of Emmas youth, she lived in a Catholic convent. She was essentially shut off from the exciting world that she yearned for, so she had to find ways of amusing herself. One of these ways was through reading romance novels. Once a week at the convent, a spinster came to mend the linens. She let the girls read the books she brought with her, and Emma took an instant liking to them. She found herself lost in a dream world of romance. Emma read books by authors like Sir Walter Scott, and she identified with the girl in the castle who watched from a window as her lover came galloping on a h orse. They were all love, lovers, sweethearts, persecuted ladies fainting in lonely pavilions, postilions killed at every stage, horses ridden to death on every page, sombre forests, heartaches, vows, sobs, tears and kisses, little ...

3 Ways LinkedIn Times Are AChangin

3 Ways LinkedIn Times Are AChangin Vinyl is making a comeback, 40 is the new 30, and snail mail often makes a bigger impression than email. Indeed, as years go by, a lot of things are changing. And a lot of things are moving â€Å"backward† as they move forward. I’ve been hyper-aware of this phenomenon lately. But I have also been fascinated by how new technologies are replacing, or supplementing, the way things have been done in the past. I thought I’d share with you some of the interesting shifts happening in this regard in the world of LinkedIn. 1. Your LinkedIn profile is being used to evaluate your credit risk! Loan qualification isn’t just about credit scores anymore. Lenders now consult social media to gain a more comprehensive picture of loan applicants before shelling out dough. Lending Club and Prosper are two companies who use the information you share online (Facebook and LinkedIn updates, tweets, and blog posts) to evaluate your application. And DRB Student Loan has built a proprietary model that parses metadata from social media channels to build a reliability score that can supplement your FICO. If you as a borrower can show on social media that you are hard-working, dependable, and likely to honor financial commitments, perhaps you will pass the character test for getting a loan. See Could Your LinkedIn Profile Be Your New Credit Score? 2. LinkedIn could be the new U.S. News and World Report. For 30 years (and for as long as I can remember), U.S. News World Report has been the go-to publication for college rankings. I was not able to determine from Google research when they began publishing graduate school rankings as well, but I know that my first step in determining top schools has always been U.S. News World Report.Then, in early 2015, LinkedIn introduced its University Rankings and Graduate School Rankings based on how many successful professionals in various fields attended each university. This is a very limited criterion compared with the complex algorithm used by U.S. News World Report. However it could be quite useful! Here’s a sample of what you’ll find if you want to know the best schools to attend to be an accounting professional: 3. About.me is competing with LinkedIn for college students’ attention. As LinkedIn becomes more powerful, some platforms are going after its gaps and filling them. About.me, a personal homepage website, is launching a new Campus section that aims to help college students shine even if they don’t have enough work experience to create a robust LinkedIn profile. On about.me, a â€Å"Campus Faves† program has been created where students will be able to nominate themselves to be one of 15-20 students who are featured each week. Students can also be nominated by a professor or by their college’s career services department. If being chosen as a Campus Fave becomes a known indicator of extraordinary leadership qualities, then the status of being a Fave could make a difference in a student’s attractiveness as a job seeker! About.me will also be making strides in the area of matching students with internships. Important note: About.me will in no way replace LinkedIn, and in fact every about.me profile has a link available to the person’s LinkedIn profile. Have you noticed other surprising places where LinkedIn is becoming influential, or where other platforms are encroaching on what has seemed to be LinkedIn’s territory? Will LinkedIn buy about.me? What do you think? Please share your thoughts below! 🙂 Log in to Reply

Business Strategies for the Firm Tetra Pak Essay

Business Strategies for the Firm Tetra Pak - Essay Example Tetra Pak joined Global Forest and Trade Network (GFTN) which is an initiative of WWF with intent to manage the usage of wood fiber (Environmental leader). Later in 2005, Tetra Pak began another venture with WWF when it joined Climate Savers project that encourages the companies to reduce their greenhouse emissions. These two programs indicate Tetra Pak’s concerns on environmental safety as one of its main objectives. Through the Climate Savers program, the organization aims at achieving increased energy efficiency at production sites and finding renewable materials and energy. Tetra Pak believed that integrating energy efficiency with the purchase of green energy would assist the company to keep absolute energy consumption stable while reducing dreadful greenhouse emissions (Climate innovation case study). In order to meet the extra premium price of green energy, Tetra Pak plans to utilize savings from high energy efficiency. The relationship between Climate Savers and thereby WWF has assisted Tetra Pak to set a clear and definite internal target. By the end of 2006, the firm could bring proposed organizational changes into practice. Tetra Pak jointly operates with World Class Manufacturing (WCM) which focuses on regular improvements in cost, quality, lead time, flexibility, and customer service (Foodproductiondaily.com). In order to carry out these operations efficiently, the WCM cooperatively work with the Tetra Pak’s pillars (teams) which contain several areas such as cost, quality, focused improvement, maintenance, and safety. This area focused activities have aided the organization to increase its operational efficacy. As the part of the restructuring in strategic alignment, the factories at the Tetra Pak altered the energy efficiency operations. It is identified that this conversion process fundamentally differs from traditional approaches as it gives specific emphasis on implementing solutions for environment-related manufacturing problems. In short, the â€Å"pillar approach† enabled the Tetra Pak to efficiently deal with different types of manufacturing related issues that would seriously impinge on the environmental safety.

International Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International Terrorism - Essay Example This report stresses that the internal unrest is the best recipe for the global menace of terrorism in the modern day. It can be overcome through the steps that are aforementioned. Also the global community has got its role cut out that will enable them overcoming the turbulence that shows up in one form or the other all in the farce representation of protecting the locals and local land from outside forces. There are still number of countries that are considerably distant from the true democracy. The global community must learn from the past precedence that have prevailed over last few years. This can be done so through number of steps. The first is the fact that the global community must ensure for negotiating the methods through gradual change and through political means. The use of force in bid to oust a given tyrant must be used as the last option. This paper makes a conclusion that the cases of Middle East and few other countries including those in African continent need to be pulled along the lines which will reduce the agent of radicalization. In this course of struggle, the United Nations, along with the various other super powers have got their role cut out and they need to revamp the structural deficiencies. This can be done so through more active and collaborative partnership and participation between the different countries which will enable fostering the mindset that is directed towards self awareness, demanding the basic rights and ingraining the basic concept of human rights along with the democratic norms, principles and ideologies.

FDI Policies of India and China

FDI Policies of India and China Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Overview Foreign Direct Investment is a hot topic in most policy circles as it is associated in many instances with significant macroeconomic changes and improvements in the range of goods and services produced in recipient countries. Furthermore growth in recipient countries is often ascribed to these inflows and so competition for higher inflows of FDI has become competitive. Most of the developing and developed countries increase their economy by enhancing their share in the global market through FDI inflows. As FDI shows more impact on the countrys economy, most of the foreigners are investing their amount in other countries for improving their profits with less manpower and minimum initial cost. These inflows were easily achieved by the investors by just fulfilling their basic requirements and maintaining their policies. FDI can be used by the countries only when they meet some of the major requirements like transfer of capital, a source of funds for foreign operations, Control investmen t and a balance of payments flow (Nicolas, B., 2010). Even though the FDI inflows in developing countries are low that is nearly 5%, this shows more impact on the economy in terms of the development programs by introducing new technologies. This change will be occurred only in the surroundings of investment areas. Here, in this research the FDI inflows between India and China are studied by comparing both the countries. Further of this study clearly explains the various aspects that are considered by the India and China for increasing the FDI inflows in the global market and also illustrates the policies that are followed by China as most of the investors prefer China when compare to the India. Finally, it recommends some of the policies and the changes that need to be made by the Indian Government for improving its FDI inflows. 1.2. Aim and Objectives Aim: To study the variations between the FDI policies of Indian and China based on their inflows and overall performance of the economy. Objectives: To study the importance of FDI and the required fundamental policies for acquiring the FDI. To research on the impact of FDI inflows in India and China based on their overall performance. Identifying the possible steps for Indian policy makers for improving their FDI inflows. Statistically evaluating the comparison between India and China in terms of FDI inflows. 1.3. Purpose of Study This study mainly focuses on the Foreign Direct Investment, the role of FDI in India and China and also illustrates the comparison between these two countries in terms of FDI. This research is selected in order to know more about the investments made by the developing countries and the involvement in international financial banking markets to influence the global and political aspects. This study is mostly useful for the people who are willing to know about the role played by FDI in the fast growing countries like India and China where these two countries differs in their environmental conditions. While researching about the FDI in both countries, one can easily analyze that China is showing more interest in attracting the FDI and is leading their economy when compare to India. So in order to clearly investigate on this point, this study also focuses on the aspects and the policies that need to be designed by the Indian country for attracting the investors and also to increase the ov erall performance of the economy by raising the inflows when compared to China. 1.4. Research Context In this study the researcher is focused on the worlds largest two most populated countries: India and China with a greatest history background. These two countries are known to be fast growing countries in the world and are known for their ample facilities and environmental conditions. These two countries are economically improving their standards in terms of technology and infrastructural growth. However, China is considered to be more positive in terms of attracting FDIs and are almost leading the comparison with India. In this research the time is a biggest constrain and to understand the research physically is really a tough target for the researcher by visiting both countries to meet and interview/ survey the financial organizations experts from various locations. However it is also noticed that in India only the FDI policies are changing from place to place based on the local governments rules and regulations. All the major rules and regulations governed by RBI and Government o f India are applicable, addition to that the investing company also needs to ensure that the environmental and ethical issues are not disturbed by the foreign investors in local and urban areas of various parts of India. As an example, there are some pilgrim places of India which does not allow non vegetarian food or related items so in that circumstance neither Government of India or RBI cannot allow the foreigners to invest their amount for a restaurant or bar and etc. Similarly in China it is one of the largest countries in the world and is having different cultures and backgrounds with in the country. Hence from the above context it is understood that this research will mainly focus on the secondary data available and in some areas it can get into the help of people related to the financial and banking industry. 1.5. Research Methodology For conducting any type of research, the data needs to be gathered by the researcher where this collected information should be in such a way that it is valid and accurate. Researcher need to choose a suitable method from various research methods, by which the researcher can successfully finish the research. Generally there exist two different types, primary data and secondary data. Primary data mainly focus on the aim of the research where the researcher can easily collects the information from various methods like surveys, interviews, etc. Where as in the secondary data, the researcher can collect the data only from the sources like journals, books, magazines, online articles, etc. where the researcher need to collect the accurate data as these recourses will not focus on the aim of research (Kumar, R., 2005). Here in this research, researcher collects the information through secondary data as the main aim of this research is to compare the FDI inflows in both India and China. As t he time is the biggest constrain, it will be really tough target for the researcher to select the primary data as the researcher either need to do interview /survey with the concern persons by visiting two countries where it cannot be possible with the period of time. So, its better to prefer secondary data for gathering accurate information for the research by referring various resources. Hence, the research can be successfully completed by analyzing the collected information and drawing the conclusion from this data. Chapter 2: Literature review 2.1. Overview This chapter will provide the suitable information and required material for completing research successfully with no issues during the research process. At the same time the literature review gives a basic idea about the research problem solving background with additional material from their related background history. The growth of multinational enterprise (MNE) activity in foreign direct investment (FDI) has grown at a faster rate than most other international transactions as well as the trade flows between countries. The research literature review covers the objects related to foreign direct investment, detailed introduction and description of FDI and impacts of FDI. International Monetary Fund (IMF) has defined the FDI as an international investment of one company with the target of enduring relationship i.e. Investments made by company must exceed the equity of Target Company by 10%. The major requirements of the investors will help in faster growth of their organization which is explained by Nicolas, B. (2010) in terms of Control investments, supply of funds for foreign operations, a balance of payments flow and Capital transfers. 2.2. Brief History and background of Foreign Direct Investment In the present world, there exist various investment techniques for the corporations for increasing their growth. If these industries lacks in making right decisions in their investment then it may lead to reduce their growth and their level in the global market. So, many of the countries prefer Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) compare to other techniques because most of the corporations get affected financially due to their investment decisions. Mostly FDI is preferred as it is considered as an integral part of an open and effective international economic system and also referred as the major catalyst to development (OECD, 2002). In the present market, USA stood a number one position in FDI flows. According to Nicolas Breitfeld (2010, p.1), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is defined by the IMF as an international investment of one company with the intention of lasting relationship. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays an important role in the financial sector. Generally most of the countries believe that increasing the international linkages through FDI is an important feature of financial globalization and elevates the major challenges for statistics and policymakers in industrial and developing countries (Neil, K. P., 2004). Further of this section, it clearly discusses the views of authors on FDI, the importance of FDI and mainly focuses on the issues that are being faced by the countries while introducing the FDI. Even-though authors define Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in different ways based on their research it is mainly mend to development on countrys and globalization. Some of the authors views on FDI are discussed below: According to Organization for Economic Co-Operation and development (OECD) (2008, p.62), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) occurs when a business located in one country (the direct investor) invests in a business located in another country (the direct investment enterprise) with the objective of creating a strategic and a lasting relationship. Here, the author suggests that occurrence of FDI exists only when the business persons invests their money in another country. They invest their income in another country by making some rules and regulations in their relationship. But according to Alexander, L. and IMFD, (2002), foreign direct investment defined as the integration of three components which are illustrated below: The branch profits need to be distributed and divided in equity without any holding withholding taxes. Accrued interest need to be paid to the direct investor by the direct investment enterprise, this can also be referred as income on debt. Earnings are reinvested in proportion with the direct investment stake. In this context, author says that the investment and the interest benefited by the business people need to be redistributed in an equal proportion among the investor and the direct investment enterprise. At the same time, Neil, K. P. (2004, p.3), discusses that according to BPM5 (Balance of Payments Manual) FDI defined as a category of international investment that reflects the objective of a resident in one economy (the direct investor) obtaining a lasting interest in an enterprise resident in another economy (the direct investment enterprise). ÂÂ  Here, the author discuss that FDI indirectly affects the economy of another country as the other country invest their income on another country for gaining interest on their investment. Even though the opinions and views of the authors differs in defining the FDI but all the authors focus on only one point that is the benefit dragged by the investor and the direct investment enterprise. These investors of get benefited globally with FDI on the interest on their investment and also increases their international linkages with the industries established in another country. ÂÂ   2.3. Impacts of FDI Foreign Direct Investment is considered as a driver of economic growth and development for developing countries which often lack the technology or capital to promote sustained economic growth and development. Mostly, FDI is considered as one of the major drivers of globalization as it continuously raises with the high growth rates before the financial crisis hit the world economy. The way through which FDI promotes economic growth and development to the countries is contentious because there is no definitive evidence and lags in supporting the literature. Even though there is no empirical evidence in representing the impact of FDI on the countries there are some theoretical explanations from which one can easily analyse the impacts of FDI on developed and developing countries. According to Bora, B. (2002, p.168), FDI flows were increasing rapidly much more quickly than international trade flows, which in turn were increasing faster than world GDP. Laura Alfaro (2003) says that FDI of fers great advantages to host countries because many of the academics and policy makers argue that there exists a most important positive effect on the development of host countries. FDI not only acts as the source of the valuable technology but also helps the countries in developing the linkages with the local firms that indirectly helps the country in raising the economy. Due to these reasons, most of the developing and industrialized countries offer incentive for encouraging the FDI in their economies. The environmental impacts of foreign direct investment may be positive, negative or neutral based on the institutional and industrial context. Gorg and Greenwood (2002) comes under a conclusion that the effect due to FDI is negative by reviewing the information from the foreign-owned to domestically owned firms. But Lipsey (2002) supports the positive benefits in preferring FDI. FDI flows attained a new record level right from the year 1990 to 2000. Then, from the year 2001 the gro wth in the investment failed and the later years it saw a steady and steep decline in global FDI flows. , Figure: Shows trends in global FDI flows during the year 1991 to 2003 (FDI, 2007, p.7). FDI affects the economic growth of the country in various aspects like it raises the formation of human capital, provides a facility to transfer the technology between the host countries and also stimulates the domestic investment. The relationship between the impact of FDI and economic growth can be easily analyzed with the help of production function and also with the other variables that affect economic growth such as domestic, trade, labour and capital (Falki, N. 2009). Production function was done based on the endogenous growth. According to Kumar, N. (1998, p.112), Direct investment was thought of mainly as a flow of capital, possibly replacing local capital or possibly representing marginal additions to the host countrys capital stock, followed by the necessity of financing dividends and interest, and possibly repatriation of capital. Some of the authors studied on the impact of FDI on economic growth in developing countries where those opinions are illustrated below: Authors views on Does FDI promote Economic Growth in developing countries S.No. Authors name Researched during the year Does FDI promote Economic Growth in developing countries (Yes/No/May be) Explanation 1. Balasubramanyam 1996, 1999 May be Requires open or neutral trade regime 2. Borensztein 1998 May be Depends on education level of workforce 3. De Mello 1999 May be Depends on degree of complementarily and substitution between FDI and domestic investment 4. Graham and Wada 2001 Yes Raised per capita GDP in Chinese provinces with FDI concentration 5. Graham 1995 May be TNCs market power can generate negative impacts 6. Loungani and Razin 2001 May be Risks 7. Lim 2001 May be Depends on tax incentives, regulatory and legal impediments, macroeconomic instability 8. Marino 2000 May be Requires open trade and investment policies 9. Mallampallyand Sauvant 1999 May be Requires human resource development, information and other infrastructure 10. Markusen and Venables 1999 Yes Raises productivity and exports of domestic firms, generates spillovers 11. Rodrik 1999 No Reverse causality: TNCs locate, rather than drive growth, in more productive and faster growing countries Table: Shows the authors explanation on Does FDI Promote Economic Growth in developing Countriesthis is a question? (LyubaZarsky, 2005, p.25) From the above table, it can be understood that out of 11 authors, only 2 authors support that FDI promotes economic growth in the developing countries as they explain that it raises the productivity, exports of domestic firms and stated a practical example that it raised the percapita GDP of china government with the help of FDI. Rodrik, opposed the views of the other authors on supporting the FDI as based on their research. From Rodrik research, it has been stated that it doesnt shown impact rather it was derived as a reverse causality. Apart from these three authors, the remaining 8 authors were in a dynamo whether to support the FDI or not because all these authors states that the impact on FDI on economic growth depends only on the circumstances that the author considers but not on any other aspects. For example: FDI shows more impact on economic growth only when the government fulfil some basic needs such as require open trade, investment policies, human resource development, i nformation, other infrastructure, etc. If these requirements are fulfilled by the government then automatically it get benefited with the FDI but if it fails in reaching those needs then it may face some risks due to the policies and the agreement between the countries. Hence, it can be stated that impacts of FDI directly depends on the situations and circumstances that are being considered by the government. By tightening of international financial conditions will have as awful effect on inflows of FDI. In the recent years, this has been main source of assets for many countries (U. N. Staff. 2009).FDI shows more effect on the economic growth of the countries as it provides various benefits to the countries that acquire FDI are illustrated below (Khan Arshad, 2007): Introduces the latest techniques and technologies of marketing and management with the help of FDI, the developing countries can know more about the latest techniques and the technologies that are being used by the developed countries. By acquiring and implementing these latest technologies in the developing countries, to some extent it can increase its growth in terms of economy. Exploitation and utilization of local raw materials usage of raw materials in the countries will be increased by exporting these excess materials to other countries and get benefited with them by importing other raw materials from other country which are shortage in their countries. Can be easily access to the new technologies as there will be a rapid flow between the countries, each of the country can know more easily about the other country and their religion. Based on this analysis, it can assess and access the technologies in their own region by making contract with the other countries. Financial flows between the countries Foreign inflows between the countries are used for financing current account deficits. The finance flows between the countries are transferred in the form of FDI where it doesnt generate interests and repayment of principal but internally raises the human capital stock through job training. Chapter 3: Empirical Literature on FDI based on INDIA and CHINA 3.1. Effects of FDI on all other countries when compared with India and china The existence of a strong negative relationship between trade share and country size was supported by the literature on trade and development. Country size and trade ratio are inversely proportional in size (larger the size of the country smaller is the trade ratio), the foreign trade, investment, and technology transfer between countries will directly affect the degree of sincerity and competitive pressures emanating from abroad (Pieter, B. 2007). Thus, the impact of these competitive pressures would be much less in a large country such as China and India than that among other East Asian NICs. In recent years china had recognized its need towards foreign trade, investment and technology with the aim of modernization, nothing like the Third World developing countries (India) that impoverished foreign capital. 1984-85 1994-95 1999-2000 2004-05 2006 2007 World 2.2 4.8 18.3 9.0 12.9 14.8 Developed economies 2.1 3.9 19.1 7.7 12.80 15.6 Developing economies 2.8 8.1 15.8 11.9 12.5 12.6 Developing Asia 2.3 7.9 12.1 9.9 11.0 10.6 East Asia 1.9 9.0 14.8 9.3 8.7 8.6 China 1.8 15.9 10.4 7.7 6.4 5.9 South Asia 0.2 1.7 2.4 3.3 6.2 5.7 India 0.1 1.7 2.7 3.1 6.6 5.8 Table 2: shows FDI inflow as percentage of gross domestic fixed capital formation (GDFCF), 1944 -2007. (Source: Prema, C. A. 2009, p.379) The average annual level of FDI inflow for developing Asia had raced sharply from US$ 19 billion during 1984 1985 to US$ 500 billion till 2007, at the same time share to developing countries have raised from 15.1 to 17.4 percent which is shown in the above table. The gross domestic fixed capital (GDFCF) as a share of FDI inflow is higher for all the developing countries in the period 1984 1996 and reversal due to the Asian financial crisis during 1997 98. FDI inflow for developing Asia with the average FDI/GDFCF ratio during entire period 1984 2007 is approximately 9 percent and 7.1 per cent when compared with all the developing countries at the same time the global average is 7.4 per cent. China is the recipient country of inward flow and the largest developing country from past two decades where it has been investigated a theoretical increase in inflow with in developing Asia. Among all the countries china was in the second position for total FDI flow as per the ASEAN countries , with increased average annual level of US$ 3 billion during 2000-2007, and from the year 1980 to 1997 almost before six years china was in the second half with US$ 30 billion which was the onset effect of financial crises from 1997-98, due to decline and with determination from about US$ 35 billion per annum before the year 1997 to an annual average of about US$ 24 billion between 1997-79. Establishment of export-oriented industries is heavily concentrated by chinas FDI, there observation on the share of FIEs for total exports in transition economies of china is two percent of expended persistently before 1980 and approximately 60 percent by the year 2006. India process to increases FDI participation in export- oriented activities which had remained at a outlier region of FDI whose one/third FDI during the independence in 1947 was a major amount of stock as a primary sector with plantation, mining and oil at the same time one/forth was the manufacturing and all the remaining stock s are in services, mostly trade, construction, transportation and utilities. The inflow started increasing in manufacturing from 1960s although with a divestment from this sector of FDI, since, low-wages, low skilled manpower are the Indias huge supply it can attract garments and other simple assembly activities which would indirectly favor the heavy foreign investment industry thus primarily focusing towards domestic market. From mid 1990s a slight increase in software is observed as well as significant competition with the world market at industrial production was not notable (Park, J. H. 2002).some of the difficulties which are to be faced and over come for fast development of the country . India faced many difficulties to attract foreign investors in both products and services market now it is only success to service industry of IT mainly. In order to overcome these difficulties to stimulate domestic demand this is given in three steps: The interest rates should be competitive in RBI. Value added tax (VAT) are to be implemented. Reduce the budget deficit through government. Figure: shows the financial states of India and china GDP the total chinas financial assets is approximately 220 per cent of GDP at the same time Indias financial assets is 160 per cent, countries savings and investment is the great strength for chinas financial system and Indias financial system is outside occur in savings and investments (Sources: Slide share 2008, slide No:18). 3.2. Fundamental policies of FDI India followed market-distorting policies on both foreign and private investments thus with this estimation about barriers for imports and exports are analyzed. Thus it become necessary to control the production and distribution as well as administered price controls etc. The impacts of opening up policies are likely to open up with foreign trade, investment and technology transfer, which would be much less in large countries of china and India when compared with all other East Asian NICs. Chinas opening policies in recent years is the success story with the favorable impact is not only for small economies but also for all large continental economies. China and India may not suffer from a large country constriction for adopting the export-oriented, outward-looking development strategy considerably (Park, J. H. 2002). The reformist policy is to fill the domestic savings gap which is necessary for economic development with foreign capital inflows, along with other goals in advanced for eign technology and managerial skills, and to promote exports to increase the foreign exchange earnings of the country. Due to open-door policy Chinas trade and inflow of foreign direct investment and loans are impressive, thus within a very short time china became a major exporting country, and an export competitor with the East Asian NICs (Newly Industrializing Countries) and ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries in the Asia Pacific region. The opening policies in china have contributed to the countrys economic growth and development considering all domestic economic events. The Indias economic reforms undertaken in 1991 in light of Chinas experience with the export-oriented, foreign direct investment strategy for economic growth and development which has been examined with superiority of export-oriented, outward-looking development strategies. Thus China can provide important lessons and policy implications in economic development for all Third World developing countries like India. The success story of china open to worlds economy made it ideal for studying the relationship between trade and development as well as for testing the validity of export-promoting development strategy. 3.3. Historical Background and National Goals 3.3.1. History of FDI in India The generational explanation of history is given as follows after Indias independence: during 1947 to 48 there was the British owned the private foreign capital through the national policies resolution which is Swadeshi movement Industrial policy. In the next generation i.e. from 1949 to 1953 foreign investments where far away from trio of domestic business house with foreign capital as well as with the government nationalist sentiments. The second Economic plan was launched in 1957 as industrialization through import substitution and encouraging private investment. Some of the selected industries got foreign collaboration and JV mostly manufacturing companies which are retained participation in India FDI since 1960s, the devaluation of rupee encouraged the socialist idealism banks and foreign oil majors nationalized after late 1960s. After almost 8 years in 1968 the foreign investment board had encouraging investments on there own terms and conduction. In the year 1973as per the F oreign Exchange Act (FERA) which launched a new article that all firms should come together for their foreign equity, holding 40% of foreign equity to be considered as Indian companies due to which IBM as well as coca cola is exited. After seven years of strict vigilance on FDI, from the year 1980 licensing procedures were liberalized to softened, technology transfer and royalty payments relaxed, foreign investment was encouraged wherever possible. During 1900-s rupee value got down, withdrawal of NRI money, India turned to IMF; there was liberalization on trade regime and regulatory frame work. Many of the industries were invited by FDI and in some cases limit was increased from 51% to 100%. The service sector was again opened for FDI. The political instability after 1995 had started but a perception towards FDI had changed due to changes in government kept focus on FDI. 3.3.2. History of FDI in China China has joined the joint venture with other countries in the year1979, and by the year 1986 china became fully foreign owned enterprise. It was divided into four zones namely Shantou, Shenzhen, and Xiamen in the year 1980. After four years in 1984 it was found that chinas economic zone has fourteen cities and whole china combined by late 1900s. There was a rapid economic growth in reform period due to profusion of labour and its low costs, Rapid expansion of Chinas domestic market at the same time plays important role of overseas Chinese for increasing integration with world economy. The marketing effects are generally obtained by imports and exports in both bilateral countries. FDI is very essential for developing countries for Off setting the capital deficiency, Acquiring advanced technology, Gaining production know-how, Promoting exports as well as to Table 2: shows FDI in India-China products Trade (in million US Dollars). (Source: Prema, C. A. 2009, p.379) The two highest population countries of the world are India and China which together contain approximately 40 per cent of the worlds humidity on an adjacent landmass in Asia. Both countries are pride in birthplace of civilization entering the era of sharing worlds greatest development problem. The underdeveloped areas of these two countries is due to huge population relative to land and other resources, around 1950s there was no commitment to national planning for economic modernization as there was new governments of China and India, led by Mao Zedong and Jawaharlal Nehru so as to eliminate poverty and raise the standard of living (Park, J. H. 2002). Approaches to Development: Some of the important characteristics shared within India and China as the wealth of people relative to other rare resources such as arable land, natural resources, and capital suggesting the appropriate strategies for development would have involved production of labor-intensive goods. Among these some are exchanged for imports of capital goods and technology as per the necessity for development. For economic FDI Policies of India and China FDI Policies of India and China Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Overview Foreign Direct Investment is a hot topic in most policy circles as it is associated in many instances with significant macroeconomic changes and improvements in the range of goods and services produced in recipient countries. Furthermore growth in recipient countries is often ascribed to these inflows and so competition for higher inflows of FDI has become competitive. Most of the developing and developed countries increase their economy by enhancing their share in the global market through FDI inflows. As FDI shows more impact on the countrys economy, most of the foreigners are investing their amount in other countries for improving their profits with less manpower and minimum initial cost. These inflows were easily achieved by the investors by just fulfilling their basic requirements and maintaining their policies. FDI can be used by the countries only when they meet some of the major requirements like transfer of capital, a source of funds for foreign operations, Control investmen t and a balance of payments flow (Nicolas, B., 2010). Even though the FDI inflows in developing countries are low that is nearly 5%, this shows more impact on the economy in terms of the development programs by introducing new technologies. This change will be occurred only in the surroundings of investment areas. Here, in this research the FDI inflows between India and China are studied by comparing both the countries. Further of this study clearly explains the various aspects that are considered by the India and China for increasing the FDI inflows in the global market and also illustrates the policies that are followed by China as most of the investors prefer China when compare to the India. Finally, it recommends some of the policies and the changes that need to be made by the Indian Government for improving its FDI inflows. 1.2. Aim and Objectives Aim: To study the variations between the FDI policies of Indian and China based on their inflows and overall performance of the economy. Objectives: To study the importance of FDI and the required fundamental policies for acquiring the FDI. To research on the impact of FDI inflows in India and China based on their overall performance. Identifying the possible steps for Indian policy makers for improving their FDI inflows. Statistically evaluating the comparison between India and China in terms of FDI inflows. 1.3. Purpose of Study This study mainly focuses on the Foreign Direct Investment, the role of FDI in India and China and also illustrates the comparison between these two countries in terms of FDI. This research is selected in order to know more about the investments made by the developing countries and the involvement in international financial banking markets to influence the global and political aspects. This study is mostly useful for the people who are willing to know about the role played by FDI in the fast growing countries like India and China where these two countries differs in their environmental conditions. While researching about the FDI in both countries, one can easily analyze that China is showing more interest in attracting the FDI and is leading their economy when compare to India. So in order to clearly investigate on this point, this study also focuses on the aspects and the policies that need to be designed by the Indian country for attracting the investors and also to increase the ov erall performance of the economy by raising the inflows when compared to China. 1.4. Research Context In this study the researcher is focused on the worlds largest two most populated countries: India and China with a greatest history background. These two countries are known to be fast growing countries in the world and are known for their ample facilities and environmental conditions. These two countries are economically improving their standards in terms of technology and infrastructural growth. However, China is considered to be more positive in terms of attracting FDIs and are almost leading the comparison with India. In this research the time is a biggest constrain and to understand the research physically is really a tough target for the researcher by visiting both countries to meet and interview/ survey the financial organizations experts from various locations. However it is also noticed that in India only the FDI policies are changing from place to place based on the local governments rules and regulations. All the major rules and regulations governed by RBI and Government o f India are applicable, addition to that the investing company also needs to ensure that the environmental and ethical issues are not disturbed by the foreign investors in local and urban areas of various parts of India. As an example, there are some pilgrim places of India which does not allow non vegetarian food or related items so in that circumstance neither Government of India or RBI cannot allow the foreigners to invest their amount for a restaurant or bar and etc. Similarly in China it is one of the largest countries in the world and is having different cultures and backgrounds with in the country. Hence from the above context it is understood that this research will mainly focus on the secondary data available and in some areas it can get into the help of people related to the financial and banking industry. 1.5. Research Methodology For conducting any type of research, the data needs to be gathered by the researcher where this collected information should be in such a way that it is valid and accurate. Researcher need to choose a suitable method from various research methods, by which the researcher can successfully finish the research. Generally there exist two different types, primary data and secondary data. Primary data mainly focus on the aim of the research where the researcher can easily collects the information from various methods like surveys, interviews, etc. Where as in the secondary data, the researcher can collect the data only from the sources like journals, books, magazines, online articles, etc. where the researcher need to collect the accurate data as these recourses will not focus on the aim of research (Kumar, R., 2005). Here in this research, researcher collects the information through secondary data as the main aim of this research is to compare the FDI inflows in both India and China. As t he time is the biggest constrain, it will be really tough target for the researcher to select the primary data as the researcher either need to do interview /survey with the concern persons by visiting two countries where it cannot be possible with the period of time. So, its better to prefer secondary data for gathering accurate information for the research by referring various resources. Hence, the research can be successfully completed by analyzing the collected information and drawing the conclusion from this data. Chapter 2: Literature review 2.1. Overview This chapter will provide the suitable information and required material for completing research successfully with no issues during the research process. At the same time the literature review gives a basic idea about the research problem solving background with additional material from their related background history. The growth of multinational enterprise (MNE) activity in foreign direct investment (FDI) has grown at a faster rate than most other international transactions as well as the trade flows between countries. The research literature review covers the objects related to foreign direct investment, detailed introduction and description of FDI and impacts of FDI. International Monetary Fund (IMF) has defined the FDI as an international investment of one company with the target of enduring relationship i.e. Investments made by company must exceed the equity of Target Company by 10%. The major requirements of the investors will help in faster growth of their organization which is explained by Nicolas, B. (2010) in terms of Control investments, supply of funds for foreign operations, a balance of payments flow and Capital transfers. 2.2. Brief History and background of Foreign Direct Investment In the present world, there exist various investment techniques for the corporations for increasing their growth. If these industries lacks in making right decisions in their investment then it may lead to reduce their growth and their level in the global market. So, many of the countries prefer Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) compare to other techniques because most of the corporations get affected financially due to their investment decisions. Mostly FDI is preferred as it is considered as an integral part of an open and effective international economic system and also referred as the major catalyst to development (OECD, 2002). In the present market, USA stood a number one position in FDI flows. According to Nicolas Breitfeld (2010, p.1), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is defined by the IMF as an international investment of one company with the intention of lasting relationship. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays an important role in the financial sector. Generally most of the countries believe that increasing the international linkages through FDI is an important feature of financial globalization and elevates the major challenges for statistics and policymakers in industrial and developing countries (Neil, K. P., 2004). Further of this section, it clearly discusses the views of authors on FDI, the importance of FDI and mainly focuses on the issues that are being faced by the countries while introducing the FDI. Even-though authors define Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in different ways based on their research it is mainly mend to development on countrys and globalization. Some of the authors views on FDI are discussed below: According to Organization for Economic Co-Operation and development (OECD) (2008, p.62), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) occurs when a business located in one country (the direct investor) invests in a business located in another country (the direct investment enterprise) with the objective of creating a strategic and a lasting relationship. Here, the author suggests that occurrence of FDI exists only when the business persons invests their money in another country. They invest their income in another country by making some rules and regulations in their relationship. But according to Alexander, L. and IMFD, (2002), foreign direct investment defined as the integration of three components which are illustrated below: The branch profits need to be distributed and divided in equity without any holding withholding taxes. Accrued interest need to be paid to the direct investor by the direct investment enterprise, this can also be referred as income on debt. Earnings are reinvested in proportion with the direct investment stake. In this context, author says that the investment and the interest benefited by the business people need to be redistributed in an equal proportion among the investor and the direct investment enterprise. At the same time, Neil, K. P. (2004, p.3), discusses that according to BPM5 (Balance of Payments Manual) FDI defined as a category of international investment that reflects the objective of a resident in one economy (the direct investor) obtaining a lasting interest in an enterprise resident in another economy (the direct investment enterprise). ÂÂ  Here, the author discuss that FDI indirectly affects the economy of another country as the other country invest their income on another country for gaining interest on their investment. Even though the opinions and views of the authors differs in defining the FDI but all the authors focus on only one point that is the benefit dragged by the investor and the direct investment enterprise. These investors of get benefited globally with FDI on the interest on their investment and also increases their international linkages with the industries established in another country. ÂÂ   2.3. Impacts of FDI Foreign Direct Investment is considered as a driver of economic growth and development for developing countries which often lack the technology or capital to promote sustained economic growth and development. Mostly, FDI is considered as one of the major drivers of globalization as it continuously raises with the high growth rates before the financial crisis hit the world economy. The way through which FDI promotes economic growth and development to the countries is contentious because there is no definitive evidence and lags in supporting the literature. Even though there is no empirical evidence in representing the impact of FDI on the countries there are some theoretical explanations from which one can easily analyse the impacts of FDI on developed and developing countries. According to Bora, B. (2002, p.168), FDI flows were increasing rapidly much more quickly than international trade flows, which in turn were increasing faster than world GDP. Laura Alfaro (2003) says that FDI of fers great advantages to host countries because many of the academics and policy makers argue that there exists a most important positive effect on the development of host countries. FDI not only acts as the source of the valuable technology but also helps the countries in developing the linkages with the local firms that indirectly helps the country in raising the economy. Due to these reasons, most of the developing and industrialized countries offer incentive for encouraging the FDI in their economies. The environmental impacts of foreign direct investment may be positive, negative or neutral based on the institutional and industrial context. Gorg and Greenwood (2002) comes under a conclusion that the effect due to FDI is negative by reviewing the information from the foreign-owned to domestically owned firms. But Lipsey (2002) supports the positive benefits in preferring FDI. FDI flows attained a new record level right from the year 1990 to 2000. Then, from the year 2001 the gro wth in the investment failed and the later years it saw a steady and steep decline in global FDI flows. , Figure: Shows trends in global FDI flows during the year 1991 to 2003 (FDI, 2007, p.7). FDI affects the economic growth of the country in various aspects like it raises the formation of human capital, provides a facility to transfer the technology between the host countries and also stimulates the domestic investment. The relationship between the impact of FDI and economic growth can be easily analyzed with the help of production function and also with the other variables that affect economic growth such as domestic, trade, labour and capital (Falki, N. 2009). Production function was done based on the endogenous growth. According to Kumar, N. (1998, p.112), Direct investment was thought of mainly as a flow of capital, possibly replacing local capital or possibly representing marginal additions to the host countrys capital stock, followed by the necessity of financing dividends and interest, and possibly repatriation of capital. Some of the authors studied on the impact of FDI on economic growth in developing countries where those opinions are illustrated below: Authors views on Does FDI promote Economic Growth in developing countries S.No. Authors name Researched during the year Does FDI promote Economic Growth in developing countries (Yes/No/May be) Explanation 1. Balasubramanyam 1996, 1999 May be Requires open or neutral trade regime 2. Borensztein 1998 May be Depends on education level of workforce 3. De Mello 1999 May be Depends on degree of complementarily and substitution between FDI and domestic investment 4. Graham and Wada 2001 Yes Raised per capita GDP in Chinese provinces with FDI concentration 5. Graham 1995 May be TNCs market power can generate negative impacts 6. Loungani and Razin 2001 May be Risks 7. Lim 2001 May be Depends on tax incentives, regulatory and legal impediments, macroeconomic instability 8. Marino 2000 May be Requires open trade and investment policies 9. Mallampallyand Sauvant 1999 May be Requires human resource development, information and other infrastructure 10. Markusen and Venables 1999 Yes Raises productivity and exports of domestic firms, generates spillovers 11. Rodrik 1999 No Reverse causality: TNCs locate, rather than drive growth, in more productive and faster growing countries Table: Shows the authors explanation on Does FDI Promote Economic Growth in developing Countriesthis is a question? (LyubaZarsky, 2005, p.25) From the above table, it can be understood that out of 11 authors, only 2 authors support that FDI promotes economic growth in the developing countries as they explain that it raises the productivity, exports of domestic firms and stated a practical example that it raised the percapita GDP of china government with the help of FDI. Rodrik, opposed the views of the other authors on supporting the FDI as based on their research. From Rodrik research, it has been stated that it doesnt shown impact rather it was derived as a reverse causality. Apart from these three authors, the remaining 8 authors were in a dynamo whether to support the FDI or not because all these authors states that the impact on FDI on economic growth depends only on the circumstances that the author considers but not on any other aspects. For example: FDI shows more impact on economic growth only when the government fulfil some basic needs such as require open trade, investment policies, human resource development, i nformation, other infrastructure, etc. If these requirements are fulfilled by the government then automatically it get benefited with the FDI but if it fails in reaching those needs then it may face some risks due to the policies and the agreement between the countries. Hence, it can be stated that impacts of FDI directly depends on the situations and circumstances that are being considered by the government. By tightening of international financial conditions will have as awful effect on inflows of FDI. In the recent years, this has been main source of assets for many countries (U. N. Staff. 2009).FDI shows more effect on the economic growth of the countries as it provides various benefits to the countries that acquire FDI are illustrated below (Khan Arshad, 2007): Introduces the latest techniques and technologies of marketing and management with the help of FDI, the developing countries can know more about the latest techniques and the technologies that are being used by the developed countries. By acquiring and implementing these latest technologies in the developing countries, to some extent it can increase its growth in terms of economy. Exploitation and utilization of local raw materials usage of raw materials in the countries will be increased by exporting these excess materials to other countries and get benefited with them by importing other raw materials from other country which are shortage in their countries. Can be easily access to the new technologies as there will be a rapid flow between the countries, each of the country can know more easily about the other country and their religion. Based on this analysis, it can assess and access the technologies in their own region by making contract with the other countries. Financial flows between the countries Foreign inflows between the countries are used for financing current account deficits. The finance flows between the countries are transferred in the form of FDI where it doesnt generate interests and repayment of principal but internally raises the human capital stock through job training. Chapter 3: Empirical Literature on FDI based on INDIA and CHINA 3.1. Effects of FDI on all other countries when compared with India and china The existence of a strong negative relationship between trade share and country size was supported by the literature on trade and development. Country size and trade ratio are inversely proportional in size (larger the size of the country smaller is the trade ratio), the foreign trade, investment, and technology transfer between countries will directly affect the degree of sincerity and competitive pressures emanating from abroad (Pieter, B. 2007). Thus, the impact of these competitive pressures would be much less in a large country such as China and India than that among other East Asian NICs. In recent years china had recognized its need towards foreign trade, investment and technology with the aim of modernization, nothing like the Third World developing countries (India) that impoverished foreign capital. 1984-85 1994-95 1999-2000 2004-05 2006 2007 World 2.2 4.8 18.3 9.0 12.9 14.8 Developed economies 2.1 3.9 19.1 7.7 12.80 15.6 Developing economies 2.8 8.1 15.8 11.9 12.5 12.6 Developing Asia 2.3 7.9 12.1 9.9 11.0 10.6 East Asia 1.9 9.0 14.8 9.3 8.7 8.6 China 1.8 15.9 10.4 7.7 6.4 5.9 South Asia 0.2 1.7 2.4 3.3 6.2 5.7 India 0.1 1.7 2.7 3.1 6.6 5.8 Table 2: shows FDI inflow as percentage of gross domestic fixed capital formation (GDFCF), 1944 -2007. (Source: Prema, C. A. 2009, p.379) The average annual level of FDI inflow for developing Asia had raced sharply from US$ 19 billion during 1984 1985 to US$ 500 billion till 2007, at the same time share to developing countries have raised from 15.1 to 17.4 percent which is shown in the above table. The gross domestic fixed capital (GDFCF) as a share of FDI inflow is higher for all the developing countries in the period 1984 1996 and reversal due to the Asian financial crisis during 1997 98. FDI inflow for developing Asia with the average FDI/GDFCF ratio during entire period 1984 2007 is approximately 9 percent and 7.1 per cent when compared with all the developing countries at the same time the global average is 7.4 per cent. China is the recipient country of inward flow and the largest developing country from past two decades where it has been investigated a theoretical increase in inflow with in developing Asia. Among all the countries china was in the second position for total FDI flow as per the ASEAN countries , with increased average annual level of US$ 3 billion during 2000-2007, and from the year 1980 to 1997 almost before six years china was in the second half with US$ 30 billion which was the onset effect of financial crises from 1997-98, due to decline and with determination from about US$ 35 billion per annum before the year 1997 to an annual average of about US$ 24 billion between 1997-79. Establishment of export-oriented industries is heavily concentrated by chinas FDI, there observation on the share of FIEs for total exports in transition economies of china is two percent of expended persistently before 1980 and approximately 60 percent by the year 2006. India process to increases FDI participation in export- oriented activities which had remained at a outlier region of FDI whose one/third FDI during the independence in 1947 was a major amount of stock as a primary sector with plantation, mining and oil at the same time one/forth was the manufacturing and all the remaining stock s are in services, mostly trade, construction, transportation and utilities. The inflow started increasing in manufacturing from 1960s although with a divestment from this sector of FDI, since, low-wages, low skilled manpower are the Indias huge supply it can attract garments and other simple assembly activities which would indirectly favor the heavy foreign investment industry thus primarily focusing towards domestic market. From mid 1990s a slight increase in software is observed as well as significant competition with the world market at industrial production was not notable (Park, J. H. 2002).some of the difficulties which are to be faced and over come for fast development of the country . India faced many difficulties to attract foreign investors in both products and services market now it is only success to service industry of IT mainly. In order to overcome these difficulties to stimulate domestic demand this is given in three steps: The interest rates should be competitive in RBI. Value added tax (VAT) are to be implemented. Reduce the budget deficit through government. Figure: shows the financial states of India and china GDP the total chinas financial assets is approximately 220 per cent of GDP at the same time Indias financial assets is 160 per cent, countries savings and investment is the great strength for chinas financial system and Indias financial system is outside occur in savings and investments (Sources: Slide share 2008, slide No:18). 3.2. Fundamental policies of FDI India followed market-distorting policies on both foreign and private investments thus with this estimation about barriers for imports and exports are analyzed. Thus it become necessary to control the production and distribution as well as administered price controls etc. The impacts of opening up policies are likely to open up with foreign trade, investment and technology transfer, which would be much less in large countries of china and India when compared with all other East Asian NICs. Chinas opening policies in recent years is the success story with the favorable impact is not only for small economies but also for all large continental economies. China and India may not suffer from a large country constriction for adopting the export-oriented, outward-looking development strategy considerably (Park, J. H. 2002). The reformist policy is to fill the domestic savings gap which is necessary for economic development with foreign capital inflows, along with other goals in advanced for eign technology and managerial skills, and to promote exports to increase the foreign exchange earnings of the country. Due to open-door policy Chinas trade and inflow of foreign direct investment and loans are impressive, thus within a very short time china became a major exporting country, and an export competitor with the East Asian NICs (Newly Industrializing Countries) and ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries in the Asia Pacific region. The opening policies in china have contributed to the countrys economic growth and development considering all domestic economic events. The Indias economic reforms undertaken in 1991 in light of Chinas experience with the export-oriented, foreign direct investment strategy for economic growth and development which has been examined with superiority of export-oriented, outward-looking development strategies. Thus China can provide important lessons and policy implications in economic development for all Third World developing countries like India. The success story of china open to worlds economy made it ideal for studying the relationship between trade and development as well as for testing the validity of export-promoting development strategy. 3.3. Historical Background and National Goals 3.3.1. History of FDI in India The generational explanation of history is given as follows after Indias independence: during 1947 to 48 there was the British owned the private foreign capital through the national policies resolution which is Swadeshi movement Industrial policy. In the next generation i.e. from 1949 to 1953 foreign investments where far away from trio of domestic business house with foreign capital as well as with the government nationalist sentiments. The second Economic plan was launched in 1957 as industrialization through import substitution and encouraging private investment. Some of the selected industries got foreign collaboration and JV mostly manufacturing companies which are retained participation in India FDI since 1960s, the devaluation of rupee encouraged the socialist idealism banks and foreign oil majors nationalized after late 1960s. After almost 8 years in 1968 the foreign investment board had encouraging investments on there own terms and conduction. In the year 1973as per the F oreign Exchange Act (FERA) which launched a new article that all firms should come together for their foreign equity, holding 40% of foreign equity to be considered as Indian companies due to which IBM as well as coca cola is exited. After seven years of strict vigilance on FDI, from the year 1980 licensing procedures were liberalized to softened, technology transfer and royalty payments relaxed, foreign investment was encouraged wherever possible. During 1900-s rupee value got down, withdrawal of NRI money, India turned to IMF; there was liberalization on trade regime and regulatory frame work. Many of the industries were invited by FDI and in some cases limit was increased from 51% to 100%. The service sector was again opened for FDI. The political instability after 1995 had started but a perception towards FDI had changed due to changes in government kept focus on FDI. 3.3.2. History of FDI in China China has joined the joint venture with other countries in the year1979, and by the year 1986 china became fully foreign owned enterprise. It was divided into four zones namely Shantou, Shenzhen, and Xiamen in the year 1980. After four years in 1984 it was found that chinas economic zone has fourteen cities and whole china combined by late 1900s. There was a rapid economic growth in reform period due to profusion of labour and its low costs, Rapid expansion of Chinas domestic market at the same time plays important role of overseas Chinese for increasing integration with world economy. The marketing effects are generally obtained by imports and exports in both bilateral countries. FDI is very essential for developing countries for Off setting the capital deficiency, Acquiring advanced technology, Gaining production know-how, Promoting exports as well as to Table 2: shows FDI in India-China products Trade (in million US Dollars). (Source: Prema, C. A. 2009, p.379) The two highest population countries of the world are India and China which together contain approximately 40 per cent of the worlds humidity on an adjacent landmass in Asia. Both countries are pride in birthplace of civilization entering the era of sharing worlds greatest development problem. The underdeveloped areas of these two countries is due to huge population relative to land and other resources, around 1950s there was no commitment to national planning for economic modernization as there was new governments of China and India, led by Mao Zedong and Jawaharlal Nehru so as to eliminate poverty and raise the standard of living (Park, J. H. 2002). Approaches to Development: Some of the important characteristics shared within India and China as the wealth of people relative to other rare resources such as arable land, natural resources, and capital suggesting the appropriate strategies for development would have involved production of labor-intensive goods. Among these some are exchanged for imports of capital goods and technology as per the necessity for development. For economic